diff --git a/sample/samplers.go b/sample/samplers.go
index a9d90692d..aea99b3f2 100644
--- a/sample/samplers.go
+++ b/sample/samplers.go
@@ -90,8 +90,9 @@ func (s *Sampler) sample(tokens []token) (token, error) {
 		sortLogits(tokens)
 	}
 
+	// token logit values are updated to probabilities
 	tokens = temperature(tokens, s.temperature)
-	tokens = softmax(tokens)
+
 	tokens = topP(tokens, s.topP)
 	tokens = minP(tokens, s.minP)
 
diff --git a/sample/transforms.go b/sample/transforms.go
index 496252975..ab62455f3 100644
--- a/sample/transforms.go
+++ b/sample/transforms.go
@@ -5,13 +5,25 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 )
 
-func softmax(ts []token) []token {
+// temperature applies scaling and softmax to the logits
+func temperature(ts []token, temp float32) []token {
+	// Find max logit for numerical stability
+	maxLogit := float32(math.Inf(-1))
+	for _, t := range ts {
+		if t.value > maxLogit {
+			maxLogit = t.value
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Apply temperature and compute exp(x - max)
+	temp = max(temp, 1e-7)
 	var sum float32
 	for i, v := range ts {
-		ts[i].value = float32(math.Exp(float64(v.value)))
+		ts[i].value = float32(math.Exp(float64((v.value - maxLogit) / temp)))
 		sum += ts[i].value
 	}
 
+	// Normalize
 	for i := range ts {
 		ts[i].value /= sum
 	}
@@ -19,27 +31,6 @@ func softmax(ts []token) []token {
 	return ts
 }
 
-func temperature(ti []token, t float32) []token {
-	if t == 1 {
-		return ti
-	}
-
-	temp := max(t, 1e-7)
-	maxLogit := float32(math.Inf(-1))
-	for _, token := range ti {
-		if token.value > maxLogit {
-			maxLogit = token.value
-		}
-	}
-
-	// subtracting max logit to avoid under/overflow
-	for i := range ti {
-		ti[i].value = (ti[i].value - maxLogit) / temp
-	}
-
-	return ti
-}
-
 // siftDown maintains a min-heap property by recursively moving larger elements down the heap.
 //
 // The heap is represented as an array where for any node at index i:
@@ -145,7 +136,8 @@ func minP(ts []token, p float32) []token {
 }
 
 // TODO(parthsareen): possibly replace with simpler implementation https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues/9584
-// Conting sort implementation to sort tokens by logits
+// sortLogits sorts implementation to sort tokens by logits using counting sort
+// counting sort is faster than built-in sort for this use case
 func sortLogits(tokens []token) {
 	if len(tokens) <= 1 {
 		return
diff --git a/sample/transforms_test.go b/sample/transforms_test.go
index 1065231dc..81e8849b7 100644
--- a/sample/transforms_test.go
+++ b/sample/transforms_test.go
@@ -32,17 +32,9 @@ func compareLogits(t *testing.T, name string, want []float64, got []token) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestTemperature(t *testing.T) {
-	input := []float64{2, -1, 4, -3, 1, -2, 0}
-	want := []float64{-4, -10, 0, -14, -6, -12, -8} // (logit - max logit) / temp
-
+func TestTemperatureAndSoftmax(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []float64{1, 4, -2, 0}
 	got := temperature(toTokens(input), 0.5)
-	compareLogits(t, "Temperature", want, got)
-}
-
-func TestSoftmax(t *testing.T) {
-	input := []float64{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4}
-	got := softmax(toTokens(input))
 
 	// Check probabilities sum to 1
 	var sum float32
@@ -53,11 +45,14 @@ func TestSoftmax(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("probabilities don't sum to 1: got %f", sum)
 	}
 
-	// Check relative ordering is preserved
-	for i := 1; i < len(got); i++ {
-		if got[i].value < got[i-1].value {
-			t.Errorf("probability ordering not preserved at index %d", i)
-		}
+	got = temperature(toTokens(input), 1)
+	// Check probabilities sum to 1
+	sum = 0.0
+	for _, token := range got {
+		sum += token.value
+	}
+	if math.Abs(float64(sum)-1.0) > 1e-6 {
+		t.Errorf("probabilities don't sum to 1: got %f", sum)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -84,7 +79,6 @@ func TestTopP(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// First apply temperature and softmax to get probabilities
 	tokens = temperature(tokens, 1)
-	tokens = softmax(tokens)
 	sortLogits(tokens)
 
 	// Then apply topP
@@ -103,7 +97,6 @@ func TestMinP(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// First apply temperature and softmax
 	tokens = temperature(tokens, 1)
-	tokens = softmax(tokens)
 
 	// Then apply minP
 	got := minP(tokens, 0.2)