cmake: Set top-level target output locations

This change:
1. Collects build artifacts in dedicated locations.
2. Allows running bitcoin-chainstate.exe with bitcoinkernel.dll directly
from the build tree on Windows.

test/functional/test_framework/test_framework.py

@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class BitcoinTestFramework(metaclass=BitcoinTestMetaClass):
         for binary, [attribute_name, env_variable_name] in binaries.items():
             default_filename = os.path.join(
                 self.config["environment"]["BUILDDIR"],
-                "src",
+                "bin",
                 binary + self.config["environment"]["EXEEXT"],
             )
             setattr(self.options, attribute_name, os.getenv(env_variable_name, default=default_filename))
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ class BitcoinTestFramework(metaclass=BitcoinTestMetaClass):
         self.set_binary_paths()
 
         os.environ['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'src'),
-            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'src', 'qt'), os.environ['PATH']
+            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'bin'),
+            os.environ['PATH']
         ])
 
         # Set up temp directory and start logging

test/fuzz/test_runner.py

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def main():
         logging.error("Must have fuzz executable built")
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    fuzz_bin=os.getenv("BITCOINFUZZ", default=os.path.join(config["environment"]["BUILDDIR"], 'src', 'test', 'fuzz', 'fuzz'))
+    fuzz_bin=os.getenv("BITCOINFUZZ", default=os.path.join(config["environment"]["BUILDDIR"], 'bin', 'fuzz'))
 
     # Build list of tests
     test_list_all = parse_test_list(

test/util/test_runner.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def bctest(testDir, testObj, buildenv):
     are not as expected. Error is caught by bctester() and reported.
     """
     # Get the exec names and arguments
-    execprog = os.path.join(buildenv["BUILDDIR"], "src", testObj["exec"] + buildenv["EXEEXT"])
+    execprog = os.path.join(buildenv["BUILDDIR"], "bin", testObj["exec"] + buildenv["EXEEXT"])
     if testObj["exec"] == "./bitcoin-util":
         execprog = os.getenv("BITCOINUTIL", default=execprog)
     elif testObj["exec"] == "./bitcoin-tx":