cmake: Set top-level target output locations

This change:
1. Collects build artifacts in dedicated locations.
2. Allows running bitcoin-chainstate.exe with bitcoinkernel.dll directly
from the build tree on Windows.

test/functional/test_framework/test_framework.py

@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class BitcoinTestFramework(metaclass=BitcoinTestMetaClass):
         for binary, [attribute_name, env_variable_name] in binaries.items():
             default_filename = os.path.join(
                 self.config["environment"]["BUILDDIR"],
-                "src",
+                "bin",
                 binary + self.config["environment"]["EXEEXT"],
             )
             setattr(self.options, attribute_name, os.getenv(env_variable_name, default=default_filename))
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ class BitcoinTestFramework(metaclass=BitcoinTestMetaClass):
         self.set_binary_paths()
 
         os.environ['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'src'),
-            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'src', 'qt'), os.environ['PATH']
+            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'bin'),
+            os.environ['PATH']
         ])
 
         # Set up temp directory and start logging