sqlite: Ensure that only one SQLiteBatch is writing to db at a time

A SQLiteBatch need to wait for any other batch to finish writing before
it can begin writing, otherwise db txn state may be incorrectly
modified. To enforce this, each SQLiteDatabase has a semaphore which
acts as a lock and is acquired by a batch when it begins a write, erase,
or a transaction, and is released by it when it is done.

To avoid deadlocking on itself for writing during a transaction,
SQLiteBatch also keeps track of whether it has begun a transaction.

src/wallet/sqlite.h

@@ -58,6 +58,18 @@ private:
     sqlite3_stmt* m_delete_stmt{nullptr};
     sqlite3_stmt* m_delete_prefix_stmt{nullptr};
 
+    /** Whether this batch has started a database transaction and whether it owns SQLiteDatabase::m_write_semaphore.
+     * If the batch starts a db tx, it acquires the semaphore and sets this to true, keeping the semaphore
+     * until the transaction ends to prevent other batch objects from writing to the database.
+     *
+     * If this batch did not start a transaction, the semaphore is acquired transiently when writing and m_txn
+     * is not set.
+     *
+     * m_txn is different from HasActiveTxn() as it is only true when this batch has started the transaction,
+     * not just when any batch has started a transaction.
+     */
+    bool m_txn{false};
+
     void SetupSQLStatements();
     bool ExecStatement(sqlite3_stmt* stmt, Span<const std::byte> blob);
 
@@ -115,6 +127,10 @@ public:
 
     ~SQLiteDatabase();
 
+    // Batches must acquire this semaphore on writing, and release when done writing.
+    // This ensures that only one batch is modifying the database at a time.
+    CSemaphore m_write_semaphore;
+
     bool Verify(bilingual_str& error);
 
     /** Open the database if it is not already opened */