Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#22734: addrman: Avoid crash on corrupt data, Force Check after deserialize

fa3669f72f fuzz: Move all addrman fuzz targets to one file (MarcoFalke)
fa7a883f5a addrman: Replace assert with throw on corrupt data (MarcoFalke)
fa298971e6 Refactor: Turn the internal addrman check helper into a forced check (MarcoFalke)
fae5c633dc move-only: Move CAddrMan::Check to cpp file (MarcoFalke)

Pull request description:

  Assert should only be used for program internal logic errors, not to sanitize external user input.

  The assert was introduced via the debug-only runtime option `-checkaddrman` in commit 803ef70fd9, thus won't need a backport.

  Also, it doesn't really make sense to continue when the deserialized addrman doesn't pass the sanity check.

  For example, if `nLastSuccess` is negative, it would  later result in integer overflows. Thus, this patch fixes #22931.

  Also,
  Fixes #22503
  Fixes #22504
  Fixes #22519

  Closes #22498

  Steps to test:

  ```
  mkdir -p /tmp/test_235/regtest/
  echo 'H4sIAAAAAAAAA/u1f+stZmUGYgELgwPRakfBKBgFo2AUjIJRMApGwSgYBaNgFIyCUTBswdyGpFnLjUKjP9e0bvjYusl6b+L2e7Vs2dd6N//Pua0/xQUALJAn93IQAAA=' | base64 --decode | zcat > /tmp/test_235/regtest/peers.dat
  ./src/qt/bitcoin-qt -regtest -datadir=/tmp/test_235/ -checkaddrman=1 -printtoconsole | grep -A2 'Loading P2P addresses'
  ```

  Output before:
  ```
  2021-09-10T11:28:37Z init message: Loading P2P addresses…
  2021-09-10T11:28:37Z ADDRMAN CONSISTENCY CHECK FAILED!!! err=-16
  bitcoin-qt: addrman.cpp:765: void CAddrMan::Check() const: Assertion `false' failed.

  (program crashes)
  ```

  Output after:
  ```
  2021-09-10T11:26:00Z init message: Loading P2P addresses…
  2021-09-10T11:26:00Z Error: Invalid or corrupt peers.dat (Corrupt data. Consistency check failed with code -16: iostream error). If you believe this is a bug, please report it to https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues. As a workaround, you can move the file ("/tmp/test_235/regtest/peers.dat") out of the way (rename, move, or delete) to have a new one created on the next start.

  (program exits)
  ```

ACKs for top commit:
  naumenkogs:
    ACK fa3669f72f
  jnewbery:
    Code review ACK fa3669f72f
  vasild:
    ACK fa3669f72f

Tree-SHA512: 687e4a4765bbc66495152fa7a49d28ee84b405dc5370ba87b4016b5593e45f54c4ce5cae579e4d433e0e082d20fc263969fa602679c911accef0adb2d6213bd6

test/functional/feature_addrman.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ def serialize_addrman(
     format=1,
     lowest_compatible=3,
     net_magic="regtest",
+    bucket_key=1,
     len_new=None,
     len_tried=None,
     mock_checksum=None,
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ def serialize_addrman(
     r = MAGIC_BYTES[net_magic]
     r += struct.pack("B", format)
     r += struct.pack("B", INCOMPATIBILITY_BASE + lowest_compatible)
-    r += ser_uint256(1)
+    r += ser_uint256(bucket_key)
     r += struct.pack("i", len_new or len(new))
     r += struct.pack("i", len_tried or len(tried))
     ADDRMAN_NEW_BUCKET_COUNT = 1 << 10
@@ -119,6 +120,14 @@ class AddrmanTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
             match=ErrorMatch.FULL_REGEX,
         )
 
+        self.log.info("Check that corrupt addrman cannot be read (failed check)")
+        self.stop_node(0)
+        write_addrman(peers_dat, bucket_key=0)
+        self.nodes[0].assert_start_raises_init_error(
+            expected_msg=init_error("Corrupt data. Consistency check failed with code -16: .*"),
+            match=ErrorMatch.FULL_REGEX,
+        )
+
         self.log.info("Check that missing addrman is recreated")
         self.stop_node(0)
         os.remove(peers_dat)