Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#27238: refactor: Split logging utilities from system.h

aaced5633b refactor: Move error() from util/system.h to logging.h (Ben Woosley)
e7333b420e refactor: Extract util/exception from util/system (Ben Woosley)

Pull request description:

  This pull request is part of the `libbitcoinkernel` project https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/24303 https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/projects/18 and more specifically its "Step 2: Decouple most non-consensus code from libbitcoinkernel". These commits were originally authored by empact and are taken from their parent PR #25152.

  #### Context

  There is an ongoing effort to decouple the `ArgsManager` used for command line parsing user-provided arguments from the libbitcoinkernel library (https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/25290, https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/25487, https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/25527, https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/25862, https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/26177, and https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/27125). The `ArgsManager` is defined in `system.h`.

  #### Changes

  Next to providing better code organization, this PR removes some reliance of the tree of libbitcoinkernel header includes on `system.h` (and thus the `ArgsManager` definition) by moving some logging functions out of the `system.*` files.

  Further commits splitting more functionality out of `system.h` are still in #25152 and will be submitted in separate PRs once this PR has been processed.

ACKs for top commit:
  MarcoFalke:
    re-ACK aaced5633b 🐍

Tree-SHA512: cb39f4cb7a77e7dc1887b1cbf340d53decab8880fc00878a2f12dc627fe67245b4aafd4cc31a9eab0fad1e5bb5d0eb4cdb8d501323ca200fa6ab7b201ae34aea

src/node/blockstorage.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <flatfile.h>
 #include <fs.h>
 #include <hash.h>
+#include <logging.h>
 #include <pow.h>
 #include <reverse_iterator.h>
 #include <shutdown.h>