Merge #16726: tests: Avoid common Python default parameter gotcha when mutable dict/list:s are used as default parameter values

e4f4ea47eb lint: Catch use of [] or {} as default parameter values in Python functions (practicalswift)
25dd867150 Avoid using mutable default parameter values (practicalswift)

Pull request description:

  Avoid common Python default parameter gotcha when mutable `dict`/`list`:s are used as default parameter values.

  Examples of this gotcha caught during review:
  * https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16673#discussion_r317415261
  * https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/14565#discussion_r241942304

  Perhaps surprisingly this is how mutable list and dictionary default parameter values behave in Python:

  ```
  >>> def f(i, j=[], k={}):
  ...     j.append(i)
  ...     k[i] = True
  ...     return j, k
  ...
  >>> f(1)
  ([1], {1: True})
  >>> f(1)
  ([1, 1], {1: True})
  >>> f(2)
  ([1, 1, 2], {1: True, 2: True})
  ```

  In contrast to:

  ```
  >>> def f(i, j=None, k=None):
  ...     if j is None:
  ...         j = []
  ...     if k is None:
  ...         k = {}
  ...     j.append(i)
  ...     k[i] = True
  ...     return j, k
  ...
  >>> f(1)
  ([1], {1: True})
  >>> f(1)
  ([1], {1: True})
  >>> f(2)
  ([2], {2: True})
  ```

  The latter is typically the intended behaviour.

  This PR fixes two instances of this and adds a check guarding against this gotcha going forward :-)

ACKs for top commit:
  Sjors:
    Oh Python... ACK e4f4ea47eb. Testing tip: swap the two commits.

Tree-SHA512: 56e14d24fc866211a20185c9fdb274ed046c3aed2dc0e07699e58b6f9fa3b79f6d0c880fb02d72b7fe5cc5eb7c0ff6da0ead33123344e1a872209370c2e49e3f

test/functional/test_framework/messages.py

@@ -803,7 +803,9 @@ class HeaderAndShortIDs:
         return [ key0, key1 ]
 
     # Version 2 compact blocks use wtxid in shortids (rather than txid)
-    def initialize_from_block(self, block, nonce=0, prefill_list = [0], use_witness = False):
+    def initialize_from_block(self, block, nonce=0, prefill_list=None, use_witness=False):
+        if prefill_list is None:
+            prefill_list = [0]
         self.header = CBlockHeader(block)
         self.nonce = nonce
         self.prefilled_txn = [ PrefilledTransaction(i, block.vtx[i]) for i in prefill_list ]