Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#24852: util: optimize HexStr

5e61532e72 util: optimizes HexStr (Martin Leitner-Ankerl)
4e2b99f72a bench: Adds a benchmark for HexStr (Martin Leitner-Ankerl)
67c8411c37 test: Adds a test for HexStr that checks all 256 bytes (Martin Leitner-Ankerl)

Pull request description:

  In my benchmark, this rewrite improves runtime 27% (g++) to 46% (clang++) for the benchmark `HexStrBench`:

  g++ 11.2.0
  |             ns/byte |              byte/s |    err% |        ins/byte |        cyc/byte |    IPC |       bra/byte |   miss% |     total | benchmark
  |--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------------:|----------------:|-------:|---------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
  |                0.94 |    1,061,381,310.36 |    0.7% |           12.00 |            3.01 |  3.990 |           1.00 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `HexStrBench` master
  |                0.68 |    1,465,366,544.25 |    1.7% |            6.00 |            2.16 |  2.778 |           1.00 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `HexStrBench` branch

  clang++ 13.0.1
  |             ns/byte |              byte/s |    err% |        ins/byte |        cyc/byte |    IPC |       bra/byte |   miss% |     total | benchmark
  |--------------------:|--------------------:|--------:|----------------:|----------------:|-------:|---------------:|--------:|----------:|:----------
  |                0.80 |    1,244,713,415.92 |    0.9% |           10.00 |            2.56 |  3.913 |           0.50 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `HexStrBench` master
  |                0.43 |    2,324,188,940.72 |    0.2% |            4.00 |            1.37 |  2.914 |           0.25 |    0.0% |      0.01 | `HexStrBench` branch

  Note that the idea for this change comes from denis2342 in #23364. This is a rewrite so no unaligned accesses occur.

  Also, the lookup table is now calculated at compile time, which hopefully makes the code a bit easier to review.

ACKs for top commit:
  laanwj:
    Code review ACK 5e61532e72
  aureleoules:
    tACK 5e61532e72.
  theStack:
    ACK 5e61532e72 🚤

Tree-SHA512: 40b53d5908332473ef24918d3a80ad1292b60566c02585fa548eb4c3189754971be5a70325f4968fce6d714df898b52d9357aba14d4753a8c70e6ffd273a2319

src/util/strencodings.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <tinyformat.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <limits>
@@ -452,17 +453,37 @@ std::string Capitalize(std::string str)
     return str;
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+using ByteAsHex = std::array<char, 2>;
+
+constexpr std::array<ByteAsHex, 256> CreateByteToHexMap()
+{
+    constexpr char hexmap[16] = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
+
+    std::array<ByteAsHex, 256> byte_to_hex{};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < byte_to_hex.size(); ++i) {
+        byte_to_hex[i][0] = hexmap[i >> 4];
+        byte_to_hex[i][1] = hexmap[i & 15];
+    }
+    return byte_to_hex;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
 std::string HexStr(const Span<const uint8_t> s)
 {
     std::string rv(s.size() * 2, '\0');
-    static constexpr char hexmap[16] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
-                                         '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' };
-    auto it = rv.begin();
+    static constexpr auto byte_to_hex = CreateByteToHexMap();
+    static_assert(sizeof(byte_to_hex) == 512);
+
+    char* it = rv.data();
     for (uint8_t v : s) {
-        *it++ = hexmap[v >> 4];
-        *it++ = hexmap[v & 15];
+        std::memcpy(it, byte_to_hex[v].data(), 2);
+        it += 2;
     }
-    assert(it == rv.end());
+
+    assert(it == rv.data() + rv.size());
     return rv;
 }