Oversized allocations can cause out-of-memory errors or [heavy swapping](https://github.com/getumbrel/umbrel-os/issues/64#issuecomment-663637321), [grinding the system to a halt](https://x.com/murchandamus/status/1964432335849607224).
`LogOversizedDbCache()` now emits a startup warning if the configured `-dbcache` exceeds a cap derived from system RAM, using the same parsing/clamping as cache sizing via CalculateDbCacheBytes(). This isn't meant as a recommended setting, rather a likely upper limit.
Note that we're not modifying the set value, just issuing a warning.
Also note that the 75% calculation is rounded for the last two numbers since we have to divide first before multiplying, otherwise we wouldn't stay inside size_t on 32-bit systems - and this was simpler than casting back and forth.
We could have chosen the remaining free memory for the warning (e.g. warn if free memory is less than 1 GiB), but this is just a heuristic, we assumed that on systems with a lot of memory, other processes are also running, while memory constrained ones run only Core.
If total RAM < 2 GiB, cap is `DEFAULT_DB_CACHE` (`450 MiB`), otherwise it's 75% of total RAM.
The threshold is chosen to be close to values commonly used in [raspiblitz](https://github.com/raspiblitz/raspiblitz/blob/dev/home.admin/_provision.setup.sh#L98-L115) for common setups:
| Total RAM | `dbcache` (MiB) | raspiblitz % | proposed cap (MiB) |
|----------:|----------------:|-------------:|-------------------:|
| 1 GiB | 512 | 50.0% | 450* |
| 2 GiB | 1536 | 75.0% | 1536 |
| 4 GiB | 2560 | 62.5% | 3072 |
| 8 GiB | 4096 | 50.0% | 6144 |
| 16 GiB | 4096 | 25.0% | 12288 |
| 32 GiB | 4096 | 12.5% | 24576 |
[Umbrel issues](https://github.com/getumbrel/umbrel-os/issues/64#issuecomment-663816367) also mention 75% being the upper limit.
Starting `bitcoind` on an 8 GiB rpi4b with a dbcache of 7 GiB:
> ./build/bin/bitcoind -dbcache=7000
warns now as follows:
```
2025-09-07T17:24:29Z [warning] A 7000 MiB dbcache may be too large for a system memory of only 7800 MiB.
2025-09-07T17:24:29Z Cache configuration:
2025-09-07T17:24:29Z * Using 2.0 MiB for block index database
2025-09-07T17:24:29Z * Using 8.0 MiB for chain state database
2025-09-07T17:24:29Z * Using 6990.0 MiB for in-memory UTXO set (plus up to 286.1 MiB of unused mempool space)
```
Besides the [godbolt](https://godbolt.org/z/EPsaE3xTj) reproducers for the new total memory method, we also tested the warnings manually on:
- [x] Apple M4 Max, macOS 15.6.1
- [x] Intel Core i9-9900K, Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
- [x] Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, Armbian Linux 6.12.22-current-bcm2711
- [x] Intel Xeon x64, Windows 11 Home Version 24H2, OS Build 26100.4351
Co-authored-by: stickies-v <stickies-v@protonmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Hodlinator <172445034+hodlinator@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: w0xlt <woltx@protonmail.com>
Github-Pull: #33333
Rebased-From: 168360f4ae
5c74a0b397 config: add DEBUG_ONLY -logratelimit (Eugene Siegel)
9f3b017bcc test: logging_filesize_rate_limit improvements (stickies-v)
350193e5e2 test: don't leak log category mask across tests (stickies-v)
05d7c22479 test: add ReadDebugLogLines helper function (stickies-v)
3d630c2544 log: make m_limiter a shared_ptr (stickies-v)
e8f9c37a3b log: clean up LogPrintStr_ and Reset, prefix all logs with "[*]" when there are suppressions (Eugene Siegel)
3c7cae49b6 log: change LogLimitStats to struct LogRateLimiter::Stats (Eugene Siegel)
8319a13468 log: clarify RATELIMIT_MAX_BYTES comment, use RATELIMIT_WINDOW (Eugene Siegel)
5f70bc80df log: remove const qualifier from arguments in LogPrintFormatInternal (Eugene Siegel)
b8e92fb3d4 log: avoid double hashing in SourceLocationHasher (Eugene Siegel)
616bc22f13 test: remove noexcept(false) comment in ~DebugLogHelper (Eugene Siegel)
Pull request description:
Followups to #32604.
There are two behavior changes:
- prefixing with `[*]` is done to all logs (regardless of `should_ratelimit`) per [this comment](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/32604#discussion_r2195710943).
- a DEBUG_ONLY `-disableratelimitlogging` flag is added by default to functional tests so they don't encounter rate limiting.
ACKs for top commit:
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re-ACK 5c74a0b397
achow101:
ACK 5c74a0b397
l0rinc:
Code review ACK 5c74a0b397
Tree-SHA512: d32db5fcc28bb9b2a850f0048c8062200a3725b88f1cd9a0e137da065c0cf9a5d22e5d03cb16fe75ea7494801313ab34ffec7cf3e8577cd7527e636af53591c4
exFAT is known to cause corruption on macOS. See #28552.
Therefore we should warn when using this fs format for either the blocks
or data directories on macOS.
Co-authored-by: l0rinc <pap.lorinc@gmail.com>
e017ef3c7e init: make `-blockmaxweight` startup option debug-only (ismaelsadeeq)
Pull request description:
This PR updates `-blockmaxweight` startup option to be debug-only so that it will be hidden from help text.
The option is currently unlikely to be used on mainnet, after the addition of the new `blockreservedweight` option. however it can be useful for test and signet network see https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/32654#issuecomment-2925674473
ACKs for top commit:
Sjors:
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tACK e017ef3c7e
Tree-SHA512: 6c18781826b2f96b13b70b7f1624481f5971746a613079d0d9528366f274ba657a02611f134d7a64f35ecb7e5faf2e3cd025458b04574ac68f804372f6eb715f
c0642e558a [fuzz] fix latency score check in txorphan_protected (glozow)
3d4d4f0d92 scripted-diff: rename "ann" variables to "latency_score" (monlovesmango)
3b92448923 [doc] comment fixups for orphanage changes (glozow)
1384dbaf6d [config] emit warning for -maxorphantx, but allow it to be set (glozow)
b10c55b298 fix up TxOrphanage lower_bound sanity checks (glozow)
cfd71c6704 scripted-diff: rename TxOrphanage outpoints index (glozow)
edb97bb3f1 [logging] add logs for inner loop of LimitOrphans (glozow)
8a58d0e87d scripted-diff: rename OrphanTxBase to OrphanInfo (glozow)
cc50f2f0df [cleanup] replace TxOrphanage::Size() with CountUniqueOrphans (glozow)
ed24e01696 [optimization] Maintain at most 1 reconsiderable announcement per wtxid (Pieter Wuille)
af7402ccfa [refactor] make TxOrphanage keep itself trimmed (glozow)
d1fac25ff3 [doc] 31829 release note (glozow)
Pull request description:
Followup to #31829:
- Release notes
- Have the orphanage auto-trim itself whenever necessary (and test changes) https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31829#discussion_r2169508690
- Reduce duplicate reconsiderations by keeping track of which txns are already reconsiderable so we only mark it for reconsideration for 1 peer at a time https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31829#issuecomment-3001627814
- Rename `OrphanTxBase` to `OrphanInfo`
- Get rid of `Size()` method by replacing all calls with `CountUniqueOrphans`
- Rename outpoints index since they point to wtxids, not iterators https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31829#discussion_r2205557613
- Add more logging in the `LimitOrphans` inner loop to make it easy to see which peers are being trimmed https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31829#issuecomment-3074385460
ACKs for top commit:
sipa:
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marcofleon:
Nice, ACK c0642e558a
Tree-SHA512: f298eae92cf906ed5e4f15a24eeffa7b9e620bcff457772cd77522dd9f0b3b183ffc976871b1b0e6fe93009e64877d518e53d4b9e186e0df58fc16d17f6de90a
fac90e5261 test: Check that the GUI interactive reindex works (MarcoFalke)
faaaddaaf8 init: [gui] Avoid UB/crash in InitAndLoadChainstate (MarcoFalke)
Pull request description:
`InitAndLoadChainstate` is problematic, when called twice in the GUI. This can happen when it returns a failure and the user selects an interactive reindex.
There are several bugs that have been introduced since the last time this was working correctly:
* The first one is a crash (assertion failure), which happens due to a cached tip block in the notifiications from the previous run. See https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31346#discussion_r2207914726
* The second one is UB (use-after-free), which happens because the block index db in the blockmanager is not reset. See https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/30965#discussion_r2207822121
Fix both bugs by resetting any dirty state in `InitAndLoadChainstate`.
Also, add a test, because I don't really want to keep testing this manually every time. (A failing test run can be seen in https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/32979/checks)
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ACK fac90e5261
mzumsande:
Tested ACK fac90e5261
Tree-SHA512: 9f744d36e7cdd3f5871764386ec5a5cca1ae144f1bacc26c07e60313c2bdacdc5fca351aa185cb51359540eea4534dda17e4fb6073ad90f91ba0a6936faeead8
It is redundant with -logsourcelocations and the log messages are
clearer without it.
Also, remove a double-space.
Also, add braces around `if` touched in the next commit.
This tiny behavior change requires a test fixup.
fa8862723c fuzz: CheckGlobals in init (MarcoFalke)
fa26bfde98 test: Avoid resetting mocktime in testing setup (MarcoFalke)
fa6b45fa8e Add SetMockTime for time_point types (MarcoFalke)
Pull request description:
(Tracking issue https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/29018)
During fuzzing, `AppInitParameterInteraction` may actually disable a previously set mocktime. This is confusing and can also cause non-determinism.
Fix this issue, by
* fixing the erroneous `-mocktime` parsing in `AppInitParameterInteraction`.
* adding the missing `SetMockTime` calls to the affected fuzz init functions.
* adding a `CheckGlobals` to the fuzz init, to prevent this issue in the future.
This can be tested by
* Cherry-picking the `CheckGlobals`-commit onto current master and observing a fuzz failure in the touched fuzz targets.
* Reverting the touched fuzz fixups and observing a fuzz failure for each target.
ACKs for top commit:
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utACK fa8862723c
Tree-SHA512: 5a9400f0467c82fa224713af4cc2b525afbefefc7c3f419077110925ad7af6c7fda3dcd2b50f7facf0ee7df2547c6ac20336906d707adcdfd1d652a9d9a735fe
To mitigate disk-filling attacks caused by unsafe usages of LogPrintf and
friends, we rate-limit them by passing a should_ratelimit bool that
eventually makes its way to LogPrintStr which may call
LogRateLimiter::Consume. The rate limiting is accomplished by
adding a LogRateLimiter member to BCLog::Logger which tracks source
code locations for the given logging window.
Every hour, a source location can log up to 1MiB of data. Source
locations that exceed the limit will have their logs suppressed for the
rest of the window determined by m_limiter.
This change affects the public LogPrintLevel function if called with
a level >= BCLog::Level::Info.
The UpdateTipLog function has been changed to use the private LogPrintLevel_
macro with should_ratelimit set to false. This allows UpdateTipLog to log
during IBD without hitting the rate limit.
Note that on restart, a source location that was rate limited before the
restart will be able to log until it hits the rate limit again.
Co-Authored-By: Niklas Gogge <n.goeggi@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: stickies-v <stickies-v@protonmail.com>
fa9ca13f35 refactor: Sort includes of touched source files (MarcoFalke)
facb152697 scripted-diff: Bump copyright headers after include changes (MarcoFalke)
fae71d30f7 clang-tidy: Apply modernize-deprecated-headers (MarcoFalke)
Pull request description:
Bitcoin Core is written in C++, so it is confusing to sometimes use the deprecated C headers (with the `.h` extension). For example, it is less clear whether `string.h` refers to the file in this repo or the cstring stdlib header (https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31308#discussion_r2121492797).
The check is currently disabled for headers, to exclude subtree headers.
ACKs for top commit:
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achow101:
ACK fa9ca13f35
janb84:
ACK fa9ca13f35
stickies-v:
ACK fa9ca13f35
Tree-SHA512: 6639608308c598d612e24435aa519afe92d71b955874b87e527245291fb874b67f3ab95d3a0a5125c6adce5eb41c0d62f6ca488fbbfd60a94f2063d734173f4d
e98c51fcce doc: update tor.md to mention the new -proxy=addr:port=tor (Vasil Dimov)
ca5781e23a config: allow setting -proxy per network (Vasil Dimov)
Pull request description:
`-proxy=addr:port` specifies the proxy for all networks (except I2P). Previously only the Tor proxy could have been specified separately via `-onion=addr:port`.
Make it possible to specify separately the proxy for IPv4, IPv6, Tor and CJDNS by e.g. `-proxy=addr:port=ipv6`. Or remove the proxy for a given network, e.g. `-proxy=0=cjdns`.
Resolves: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/24450
ACKs for top commit:
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caesrcd:
reACK e98c51fcce
danielabrozzoni:
Code Review ACK e98c51fcce
1440000bytes:
ACK e98c51fcce
Tree-SHA512: 0cb590cb72b9393cc36357e8bd7861514ec4c5bc044a154e59601420b1fd6240f336ab538ed138bc769fca3d17e03725d56de382666420dc0787895d5bfec131
a189d63618 add release note for datacarriersize default change (Greg Sanders)
a141e1bf50 Add more OP_RETURN mempool acceptance functional tests (Peter Todd)
0b4048c733 datacarrier: deprecate startup arguments for future removal (Greg Sanders)
63091b79e7 test: remove unnecessary -datacarriersize args from tests (Greg Sanders)
9f36962b07 policy: uncap datacarrier by default (Greg Sanders)
Pull request description:
Retains the `-datacarrier*` args, marks them as deprecated, and does not require another startup argument for multiple OP_RETURN outputs.
If a user has set `-datacarriersize` the value is "budgeted" across all seen OP_RETURN output scriptPubKeys. In other words the total script bytes stays the same, but can be spread across any number of outputs. This is done to not introduce an additional argument to support multiple outputs.
I do not advise people use the option with custom arguments and it is marked as deprecated to not mislead as a promise to offer it forever. The argument itself can be removed in some future release to clean up the code and minimize footguns for users.
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ajtowns:
reACK a189d63618
mzumsande:
re-ACK a189d63618
petertodd:
ACK a189d63618
theStack:
re-ACK a189d63618
1440000bytes:
re-ACK a189d63618
willcl-ark:
ACK a189d63618
dergoegge:
ACK a189d63618
fanquake:
ACK a189d63618
murchandamus:
ACK a189d63618
darosior:
Concept ACK a189d63618.
Tree-SHA512: 3da2f1ef2f50884d4da7e50df2121bf175cb826edaa14ba7c3068a6d5b2a70beb426edc55d50338ee1d9686b9f74fdf9e10d30fb26a023a718dd82fa1e77b038
12ff4be9c7 test: ensure -rpcallowip is compatible with RFC4193 (Matthew Zipkin)
c02bd3c187 config: Explain RFC4193 and CJDNS interaction in help and init error (Matthew Zipkin)
f728b6b111 init: Configure reachable networks before we start the RPC server (Matthew Zipkin)
Pull request description:
Closes https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/32433
`MaybeFlipIPv6toCJDNS()` relies on `g_reachable_nets` to distinguish between CJDNS addresses and other IPv6 addresses. In particular, [RFC4193](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4193#section-3.1) address or "Unique Local Address" with the L-bit unset also begins with the `fc` prefix. #32433 highlights a use case for these addresses that have nothing to do with CJDNS.
On master we don't parse init flags like `-cjdnsreachable` until *after* the HTTP server has started, causing conflicts with `-rpcallowip` because CJDNS doesn't support subnets.
This PR ensures that `NET_CJDNS` is only present in the reachable networks list if set by `-cjdnsreachable` *before* `-rpcallowip` is checked. If it is set all `fc` addresses are assumed to be CJDNS, can not have subnets, and can't be set for `-rpcallowip`.
I also noted this specific parameter interaction in the init help as well as the error message if configured incorrectly.
This can be tested locally:
`bitcoind -regtest -rpcallowip=fc00:dead:beef::/64 -rpcuser=u -rpcpassword=p`
On master this will just throw an error that doesn't even mention IPv6 at all.
On the branch, this will succeed and can be tested by adding the ULA to a local interface.
On linux: `sudo ip -6 addr add fc00:dead:beef::1/64 dev lo`
On macos: `sudo ifconfig lo0 inet6 fc00:dead:beef::1/128 add`
then: `curl -v -g -6 --interface fc00:dead:beef::1 u:p@[::1]:18443 --data '{"method":"getblockcount"}'`
If the `rpcallowip` option is removed, the RPC request will fail to authorize.
Finally, adding `-cjdnsreachable` to the start up command will throw an error and specify the incompatibility:
> RFC4193 is allowed only if -cjdnsreachable=0.
ACKs for top commit:
achow101:
ACK 12ff4be9c7
tapcrafter:
tACK 12ff4be9c7
ryanofsky:
Code review ACK 12ff4be9c7
willcl-ark:
ACK 12ff4be9c7
Tree-SHA512: a4dd70ca2bb9f6ec2c0a9463fd73985d1ed80552c674a9067ac9a86662d1c018cc275ba757cebb2993c5f3971ecf4778b95d35fe7a7178fb41b1d18b601c9960
This can be reproduced according to the developer notes with something
like
( cd ./src/ && ../contrib/devtools/run-clang-tidy.py -p ../bld-cmake -fix -j $(nproc) )
Also, the header related changes were done manually.
Datacarrier output script sizes and output counts are now
uncapped by default.
To avoid introducing another startup argument, we modify the
OP_RETURN accounting to "budget" the spk sizes.
If a user has set a custom default, this results in that
budget being spent over the sum of all OP_RETURN outputs'
scripts in the transaction, no longer capping the number
of OP_RETURN outputs themselves. This should allow a
superset of current behavior while respecting the passed
argument in terms of total arbitrary data storage.
Co-authored-by: Anthony Towns <aj@erisian.com.au>
fab1e02086 refactor: Pass verification_progress into block tip notifications (MarcoFalke)
fa76b378e4 rpc: Round verificationprogress to exactly 1 for a recent tip (MarcoFalke)
faf6304bdf test: Use mockable time in GuessVerificationProgress (MarcoFalke)
Pull request description:
Some users really seem to care about this. While it shouldn't matter much, the diff is so trivial that it is probably worth doing.
Fixes#31127
One could also consider to split the field into two dedicated ones (https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/28847#issuecomment-1807115357), but this is left for a more involved follow-up and may also be controversial.
ACKs for top commit:
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ACK fab1e02086
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ACK fab1e02086
sipa:
utACK fab1e02086
Tree-SHA512: a3c24e3c446d38fbad9399c1e7f1ffa7904490a3a7d12623b44e583b435cc8b5f1ba83b84d29c7ffaf22028bc909c7cec07202b825480449c6419d2a190938f5
faf55fc80b doc: Remove ParseInt mentions in documentation (MarcoFalke)
3333282933 refactor: Remove unused Parse(U)Int* (MarcoFalke)
fa84e6c36c bitcoin-tx: Reject + sign in MutateTxDel* (MarcoFalke)
face2519fa bitcoin-tx: Reject + sign in vout parsing (MarcoFalke)
fa8acaf0b9 bitcoin-tx: Reject + sign in replaceable parsing (MarcoFalke)
faff25a558 bitcoin-tx: Reject + sign in locktime (MarcoFalke)
dddd9e5fe3 bitcoin-tx: Reject + sign in nversion parsing (MarcoFalke)
fab06ac037 rest: Use SAFE_CHARS_URI in SanitizeString error msg (MarcoFalke)
8888bb499d rest: Reject + sign in /blockhashbyheight/ (MarcoFalke)
fafd43c691 test: Reject + sign when parsing regtest deployment params (MarcoFalke)
fa123afa0e Reject + sign when checking -ipcfd (MarcoFalke)
fa479857ed Reject + sign in SplitHostPort (MarcoFalke)
fab4c2967d net: Reject + sign when parsing subnet mask (MarcoFalke)
fa89652e68 init: Reject + sign in -*port parsing (MarcoFalke)
fa9c45577d cli: Reject + sign in -netinfo level parsing (MarcoFalke)
fa98041325 refactor: Use ToIntegral in CreateFromDump (MarcoFalke)
fa23ed7fc2 refactor: Use ToIntegral in ParseHDKeypath (MarcoFalke)
Pull request description:
The legacy int parsing is problematic, because it accepts the `+` sign for unsigned integers. In all cases this is either:
* Useless, because the `+` sign was already rejected.
* Erroneous and inconsistent, when third party parsers reject it. (C.f. https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/32365)
* Confusing, because the `+` sign is neither documented, nor can it be assumed to be present.
Fix all issues by removing the legacy int parsing.
ACKs for top commit:
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code review ACK faf55fc80b
Tree-SHA512: a311ab6a58fe02a37741c1800feb3dcfad92377b4bfb61b433b2393f52ba89ef45d00940972b2767b213a3dd7b59e5e35d5b659c586eacdfe4e565a77b12b19f
We need to determine if CJDNS is reachable before we parse any IPv6
addresses (for example, by the -rpcallowip setting) or an RFC4193
address might get flipped to CJDNS, which can not be used with subnets
`-proxy=addr:port` specifies the proxy for all networks (except I2P).
Previously only the Tor proxy could have been specified separately via
`-onion=addr:port`.
Make it possible to specify separately the proxy for IPv4, IPv6, Tor and
CJDNS by e.g. `-proxy=addr:port=ipv6`. Or remove the proxy for a given
network, e.g. `-proxy=0=cjdns`.
Resolves: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/24450
It is confusing that the chain client flush happens between
StopHTTPServer and StopMapPort. Also, it is unused code. Seems best to
just add it back properly when it is needed again.
Rename the `_randomize_credentials` parameter to Proxy's constructor to
`tor_stream_isolation` to make it more clear, and more specific what its
purpose is.
Also change all call sites to use a named parameter.
Checking for IsArgSet before calling GetArg while providing an arbitrary
default value as fallback is both confusing and fragile.
It is confusing, because the provided fallback is dead code. So it would
be better to just call GetArg without a fallback.
Even better would be to provide the true fallback value and sanitize it
as if it were user-input, but this can be done in a follow-up.
Removing the redundant call to IsArgSet will have to be done either way,
so do it now.
Checking for IsArgSet before calling GetArg while providing the args
default value as fallback is both confusing and fragile.
It is confusing, because the provided fallback is dead code. So it would
be better to just call GetArg without a fallback.
However, ignoring the fallback value is fragile, because it would not be
sanitized.
Fix all issues by sanitizing the fallback value.
Closesbitcoin-core/gui#843.
In that issue it was brought up that users likely don't care what kind
of port forwarding is used, and the setting is opportunistic anyway, so
instead of showing an extensive warning, we can simply migrate from
UPNP to NAT-PMP+PCP. This prevents nodes dropping from the public
network.
- Change the logic for removed runtime setting `-upnp` to set `-natpmp`
instead, and only log a message.
- Also replace any lingering `upnp` in `settings.json` with `natpmp`.
This commit does not change behavior, it just changes code to handle -noconnect
values explicitly with IsArgNegated() instead of implicitly with IsArgSet(),
and adds comments to make it clear what behavior is intended when -noconnect is
specified.
