Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#31161: cmake: Set top-level target output locations

568fcdddae scripted-diff: Adjust documentation per top-level target output location (Hennadii Stepanov)
026bb226e9 cmake: Set top-level target output locations (Hennadii Stepanov)

Pull request description:

  This PR sets the target output locations to the `bin` and `lib` subdirectories within the build tree, creating a directory structure that mirrors that of the installed targets.

  This approach is widely adopted by the large projects, such as [LLVM](e146c1867e/lldb/cmake/modules/LLDBStandalone.cmake (L128-L130)):
  ```cmake
  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
  set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX})
  set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib${LLVM_LIBDIR_SUFFIX})
  ```

  The `libsecp256k1` project has also recently [adopted](https://github.com/bitcoin-core/secp256k1/pull/1553) this approach.

  With this PR, all binaries are conveniently located. For example, run:
  ```
  $ ./build/bin/fuzz
  ```
  instead of:
  ```
  $ ./build/src/test/fuzz/fuzz
  ```

  On Windows, all required DLLs are now located in the same directory as the executables, allowing to run `bitcoin-chainstate.exe` (which loads `bitcoinkernel.dll`) without the need to copy DLLs or modify the `PATH` variable.

  The idea was briefly discussed among the build team during the recent CoreDev meeting.

  ---

  **Warning**: This PR changes build locations of newly built executables like `bitcoind` and `test_bitcoin` from `src/` to `bin/` without deleting previously built executables. A clean build is recommended to avoid accidentally running old binaries.

ACKs for top commit:
  theStack:
    Light re-ACK 568fcdddae
  ryanofsky:
    Code review ACK 568fcdddae. Only change since last review was rebasing. I'm ok with this PR in its current form if other developers are happy with it. I just personally think it is inappropriate to \*silently\* break an everyday developer workflow like `git pull; make bitcoind`. I wouldn't have a problem with this PR if it triggered an explicit error, or if the problem was limited to less common workflows like changing cmake options in an existing build.
  TheCharlatan:
    Re-ACK 568fcdddae
  theuni:
    ACK 568fcdddae

Tree-SHA512: 1aa5ecd3cd49bd82f1dcc96c8e171d2d19c58aec8dade4bc329df89311f9e50cbf6cf021d004c58a0e1016c375b0fa348ccd52761bcdd179c2d1e61c105e3b9f

test/functional/test_framework/test_framework.py

@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class BitcoinTestFramework(metaclass=BitcoinTestMetaClass):
         for binary, [attribute_name, env_variable_name] in binaries.items():
             default_filename = os.path.join(
                 self.config["environment"]["BUILDDIR"],
-                "src",
+                "bin",
                 binary + self.config["environment"]["EXEEXT"],
             )
             setattr(self.options, attribute_name, os.getenv(env_variable_name, default=default_filename))
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ class BitcoinTestFramework(metaclass=BitcoinTestMetaClass):
         self.set_binary_paths()
 
         os.environ['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([
-            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'src'),
-            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'src', 'qt'), os.environ['PATH']
+            os.path.join(config['environment']['BUILDDIR'], 'bin'),
+            os.environ['PATH']
         ])
 
         # Set up temp directory and start logging

test/fuzz/test_runner.py

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def main():
         logging.error("Must have fuzz executable built")
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    fuzz_bin=os.getenv("BITCOINFUZZ", default=os.path.join(config["environment"]["BUILDDIR"], 'src', 'test', 'fuzz', 'fuzz'))
+    fuzz_bin=os.getenv("BITCOINFUZZ", default=os.path.join(config["environment"]["BUILDDIR"], 'bin', 'fuzz'))
 
     # Build list of tests
     test_list_all = parse_test_list(

test/util/test_runner.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def bctest(testDir, testObj, buildenv):
     are not as expected. Error is caught by bctester() and reported.
     """
     # Get the exec names and arguments
-    execprog = os.path.join(buildenv["BUILDDIR"], "src", testObj["exec"] + buildenv["EXEEXT"])
+    execprog = os.path.join(buildenv["BUILDDIR"], "bin", testObj["exec"] + buildenv["EXEEXT"])
     if testObj["exec"] == "./bitcoin-util":
         execprog = os.getenv("BITCOINUTIL", default=execprog)
     elif testObj["exec"] == "./bitcoin-tx":