Back when we implemented coin age priority as a miner policy, miners
mempools might admit transactions paying very low fees, but then want to
set a higher fee for block inclusion. However, since coin age priority
was removed in v0.15, the block assembly policy is solely based on fees,
so we do not need to apply minimum feerate rules in multiple places. In
fact, the block assembly policy ignoring transactions that are added to
the mempool is likely undesirable as we waste resources accepting and
storing this transaction.
Instead, rely on mempool policy to enforce a minimum entry feerate to
the mempool (minrelaytxfee). Set the minimum block feerate to the
minimum non-zero amount (1sat/kvB) so it collects everything it finds in
mempool into the block.
Moves the file from `src/util` to `src/primitives`. Now that the
refactor is complete, Txid and Wtxid are fundamental types, so it
makes sense for them to reside in `src/primitives`.
These remaining miscellaneous changes were identified by commenting out
the `operator const uint256&` conversion and the `Compare(const uint256&)`
method from `transaction_identifier.h`.
ca64b71ed5 test: fix scripts in `blockfilter_basic_test` (UdjinM6)
Pull request description:
`std::vector` fill ctor is like this:
```
// Constructs a vector with `count` copies of elements with value `value`.
explicit vector( size_type count, const T& value = T(), const Allocator& alloc = Allocator() ); // (until C++11)
vector( size_type count, const T& value, const Allocator& alloc = Allocator() ); // (since C++11)(constexpr since C++20)
```
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector/vector.html
i.e. `std::vector<unsigned char>(0, 65)` means a vector with `0` copies of `65` which feels wrong. I believe `count` and `value` were swapped in `blockfilter_basic_test` scripts.
ACKs for top commit:
furszy:
ACK ca64b71ed5
pablomartin4btc:
ACK ca64b71ed5
janb84:
ACK ca64b71ed5
Tree-SHA512: 2cfc7f09788b0a1afdffc9cd6663204c7f1775dabdbe1046cdcd42936c479658c348cb46e0d8835645e6c508e8b40a598cbe6534084b6780a6b60378bcbd0f96
83950275ed qa: unit test sighash caching (Antoine Poinsot)
b221aa80a0 qa: simple differential fuzzing for sighash with/without caching (Antoine Poinsot)
92af9f74d7 script: (optimization) introduce sighash midstate caching (Pieter Wuille)
8f3ddb0bcc script: (refactor) prepare for introducing sighash midstate cache (Pieter Wuille)
9014d4016a tests: add sighash caching tests to feature_taproot (Pieter Wuille)
Pull request description:
This introduces a per-txin cache for sighash midstate computation to the script interpreter for legacy (bare), P2SH, P2WSH, and (as collateral effect, but not actually useful) P2WPKH. This reduces the impact of certain types of quadratic hashing attacks that use standard transactions. It is not known to improve the situation for attacks involving non-standard transaction attacks.
The cache works by remembering for each of the 6 sighash modes a `(scriptCode, midstate)` tuple, which gives a midstate `CSHA256` object right before the appending of the sighash type itself (to permit all 256, rather than just the 6 ones that match the modes). The midstate is only reused if the `scriptCode` matches. This works because - within a single input - only the sighash type and the `scriptCode` affect the actual sighash used.
The PR implements two different approaches:
* The initial commits introduce the caching effect always, for both consensus and relay relation validation. Despite being primarily intended for improving the situation for standard transactions only, I chose this approach as the code paths are already largely common between the two, and this approach I believe involves fewer code changes than a more targetted approach, and furthermore, it should not hurt (it may even help common multisig cases slightly).
* The final commit changes the behavior to only using the cache for non-consensus script validation. I'm open to feedback about whether adding this commit is worth it.
Functional tests are included that construct contrived cases with many sighash types (standard and non-standard ones) and `OP_CODESEPARATOR`s in all script types (including P2TR, which isn't modified by this PR).
ACKs for top commit:
achow101:
ACK 83950275ed
dergoegge:
Code review ACK 83950275ed
darosior:
re-ACK 83950275ed
Tree-SHA512: 65ae8635429a4d563b19969bac8128038ac2cbe01d9c9946abd4cac3c0780974d1e8b9aae9bb83f414e5d247a59f4a18fef5b37d93ad59ed41b6f11c3fe05af4
d3b8a54a81 Refactor CFeeRate to use FeeFrac internally (Pol Espinasa)
Pull request description:
The `FeeFrac` type represents a fraction, intended to be used for `sats/vbyte` or `sats/WU`. It was added to improve accuracy when evaluating fee rates in cluster mempool. [1]
But it can also be used to fix the precision issues that the current `CFeeRate` class has now.
At the moment, `CFeeRate` handles the fee rate as satoshis per kilovirtualbyte: `CAmount / kvB` using an integer.
This PR fix `CFeeRate` precision issues by encapsulating `FeeFrac` internally keeping backwards compatibility.
This PR can also be used as a based to use multiple units on RPC calls as detailed in this issue [2].
Some previous discussions:
[1] https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/30535
[2] https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/32093
ACKs for top commit:
achow101:
ACK d3b8a54a81
murchandamus:
code review, lightly tested ACK d3b8a54a81
ismaelsadeeq:
re-ACK d3b8a54a81📦
theStack:
Code-review ACK d3b8a54a81
Tree-SHA512: 5a8149d81e82ad4e60a0e76ff6a82a5b1c4e212cf5156c1cdd16bf9acbb351e7be458eac3f0a2ae89107f331062b299c1d9ca649d3b820ad0b68e6d1a14292e5
The `-assumevalid` option skips script verification for a specified block and all its ancestors during Initial Block Download.
Many new users are surprised when this suddenly slows their node to a halt.
This commit adds a log message to clearly indicate when this optimization ends and full validation begins (and vice versa).
When using `-assumeutxo`, logging is suppressed for the active assumed-valid chainstate and for the background validation chainstate to avoid the confusing toggles.
-------
> cmake -B build && cmake --build build && mkdir -p demo && build/bin/bitcoind -datadir=demo -stopatheight=500 | grep 'signature validation'
```
2025-08-08T20:59:21Z Disabling signature validations at block #1 (00000000839a8e6886ab5951d76f411475428afc90947ee320161bbf18eb6048).
2025-08-08T20:59:21Z Enabling signature validations at block #100 (000000007bc154e0fa7ea32218a72fe2c1bb9f86cf8c9ebf9a715ed27fdb229a).
2025-08-08T20:59:21Z Disabling signature validations at block #200 (000000008f1a7008320c16b8402b7f11e82951f44ca2663caf6860ab2eeef320).
2025-08-08T20:59:21Z Enabling signature validations at block #300 (0000000062b69e4a2c3312a5782d7798b0711e9ebac065cd5d19f946439f8609).
```
In LogPrintStr_:
- remove an unnecessary BCLog since we are in the BCLog namespace.
- remove an unnecessary \n when rate limiting is triggered since
FormatLogStrInPlace will add it.
- move the ratelimit bool into an else if block.
- prefix all log lines with [*] when suppressions exist. Previously this
was only done if should_ratelimit was true.
In Reset:
- remove an unnecessary \n since FormatLogStrInPlace will add it.
- Change Level::Info to Level::Warning.
Previously, we would check failing input scripts twice when considering
a transaction for the mempool, in order to distinguish policy failures
from consensus failures. This allowed us both to provide a different
error message and to discourage peers for consensus failures. Because we
are no longer discouraging peers for consensus failures during tx relay,
and because checking a script can be expensive, only do this once.
Also renames non-mandatory-script-verify-flag error to
mempool-script-verify-flag-failed.
Do not discourage nodes even when they send us consensus invalid
transactions.
Because we do not discourage nodes for transactions we consider
non-standard, we don't get any DoS protection from this check in
adversarial scenarios, so remove the check entirely both to simplify the
code and reduce the risk of splitting the network due to changes in tx
relay policy.
exFAT is known to cause corruption on macOS. See #28552.
Therefore we should warn when using this fs format for either the blocks
or data directories on macOS.
Co-authored-by: l0rinc <pap.lorinc@gmail.com>
27aefac425 validation: detect witness stripping without re-running Script checks (Antoine Poinsot)
2907b58834 policy: introduce a helper to detect whether a transaction spends Segwit outputs (Antoine Poinsot)
eb073209db qa: test witness stripping in p2p_segwit (Antoine Poinsot)
Pull request description:
Since it was introduced in 4eb515574e (#18044), the detection of a stripped witness relies on running the Script checks 3 times. In the worst case, this consists in running Script validation for every single input 3 times.
Detection of a stripped witness is necessary because in this case wtxid==txid, and the transaction's wtxid must not be added to the reject filter or it could allow a malicious peer to interfere with txid-based orphan resolution as used in 1p1c package relay.
However it is not necessary to run Script validation to detect a stripped witness (much less so doing it 3 times in a row). There are 3 types of witness program: defined program types (Taproot, P2WPKH and P2WSH), undefined types, and the Pay-to-anchor carve-out.
For defined program types, Script validation with an empty witness will always fail (by consensus). For undefined program types, Script validation is always going to fail regardless of the witness (by standardness). For P2A, an empty witness is never going to lead to a failure.
Therefore it holds that we can always detect a stripped witness without re-running Script validation. However this might lead to more "false positives" (cases where we return witness stripping for an otherwise invalid transaction) than the existing implementation. For instance a transaction with one P2PKH input with an invalid signature and one P2WPKH input with its witness stripped. The existing implementation would treat it as consensus invalid while the implementation in this PR would always consider it witness stripped.
h/t AJ: this essentially implements a variant of https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/33066#issuecomment-3135258539.
ACKs for top commit:
sipa:
re-ACK 27aefac425
Crypt-iQ:
re-ACK 27aefac425
glozow:
reACK 27aefac425
Tree-SHA512: 70cf76b655b52bc8fa2759133315a3f11140844b6b80d9de3c95f592050978cc01a87bd2446e3a9c25cc872efea7659d6da3337b1a709511771fece206e9f149
656e16aa5e qt: Update the `src/qt/locale/bitcoin_en.xlf` translation source file (Hennadii Stepanov)
a0eaa44925 Fix typos (Hennadii Stepanov)
8d4aaaec49 Update Transifex slug for 30.x (Hennadii Stepanov)
Pull request description:
This PR follows our [Release Process](53a996f122/doc/release-process.md).
It is required to open Transifex translations for v30.0, as scheduled in https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/32275.
For reference, see the previous similar PR: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31809.
**Note for reviewers:**
To reproduce the diff in the last commit, run:
```
cmake --preset dev-mode
cmake --build build_dev_mode --target translate
```
ACKs for top commit:
laanwj:
Code review ACK 656e16aa5e
stickies-v:
ACK 656e16aa5e , was able to reproduce
Tree-SHA512: 403b534329755079584fcdf98b696e3e75952dfc8d069f305843dbfa85de95f6816ee1d5dfc9b553c7c7f52cc296cb8d3cb03207051d26e0e76ff30d377f49e4
Since it was introduced in 4eb515574e (#18044), the detection of a
stripped witness relies on running the Script checks 3 times. In the worst case, this consists in
running Script validation 3 times for every single input.
Detection of a stripped witness is necessary because in this case wtxid==txid, and the transaction's
wtxid must not be added to the reject filter or it could allow a malicious peer to interfere with
txid-based orphan resolution as used in 1p1c package relay.
However it is not necessary to run Script validation to detect a stripped witness (much less so
doing it 3 times in a row). There are 3 types of witness program: defined program types (Taproot,
P2WPKH, P2WSH), undefined types, and the Pay-to-anchor carve-out.
For defined program types, Script validation with an empty witness will always fail (by consensus).
For undefined program types, Script validation is always going to fail regardless of the witness (by
standardness). For P2A, an empty witness is never going to lead to a failure.
Therefore it holds that we can always detect a stripped witness without re-running Script validation.
However this might lead to more "false positives" (cases where we return witness stripping for an
otherwise invalid transaction) than the existing implementation. For instance a transaction with one
P2PKH input with an invalid signature and one P2WPKH input with its witness stripped. The existing
implementation would treat it as consensus invalid while the implementation in this commit would
always consider it witness stripped.
f49840dd90 doc: Fix typo in files.md (Ryan Ofsky)
f5cf0b1ccc bitcoin wrapper: improve help output (Ryan Ofsky)
c810b168b8 doc: Add description of installed files to files.md (Ryan Ofsky)
94ffd01a02 doc: Add release notes describing libexec/ binaries (Ryan Ofsky)
cd97905ebc cmake: Move internal binaries from bin/ to libexec/ (Ryan Ofsky)
Pull request description:
This change moves binaries that are not typically invoked directly by users from the `bin/` directory to the `libexec/` directory in CMake installs and binary releases. The goal of the PR is to introduce a distinction between internal and external binaries so starting with #31802, we can use IPC to implement features in new binaries without adding those binaries to the CLI. The change also helps reduce clutter in `bin/`, making it easier for users to identify useful tools to run. Summary of changes:
- For **source builds** (i.e. developer builds) — There are no changes.
- For **source installs** (i.e. `cmake --install` result) — `test_bitcoin`, `test_bitcoin-qt`, and `bench_bitcoin` are installed in `${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}/libexec` instead of `${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH}/bin`, so they are no longer on the system `PATH`. However, they can still be invoked from the `libexec/` directory, or from the CLI as `bitcoin test`, `bitcoin test-gui`, and `bitcoin bench`, respectively.
- For **binary releases** — Since `test_bitcoin` is the only test binary enabled in releases, the only change is moving `test_bitcoin` from `bin/` to `libexec/`.
<details><summary>Details</summary>
<p>
The table below shows the install location of each binary after this change, and the availability of each binary.
| Binary | Location | Availability | Change |
|----------------------|--------------|----------------------|-------------------------------|
| `bitcoin` | `bin/` | 📦 Binary release (since #31375) | Unchanged |
| `bitcoin-cli` | `bin/` | 📦 Binary release | Unchanged |
| `bitcoind` | `bin/` | 📦 Binary release | Unchanged |
| `bitcoin-qt` | `bin/` | 📦 Binary release | Unchanged |
| `bitcoin-tx` | `bin/` | 📦 Binary release | Unchanged |
| `bitcoin-util` | `bin/` | 📦 Binary release | Unchanged |
| `bitcoin-wallet` | `bin/` | 📦 Binary release | Unchanged |
| `bench_bitcoin` | `libexec/` | 🛠 Source build only | Moved from `bin/` |
| `bitcoin-chainstate` | `libexec/` | 🛠 Source build only | Newly installed (was built) |
| `bitcoin-gui` | `libexec/` | 🛠 Source build only (until #31802) | Moved from `bin/` |
| `bitcoin-node` | `libexec/` | 🛠 Source build only (until #31802) | Moved from `bin/` |
| `test_bitcoin` | `libexec/` | 📦 Binary release | Moved from `bin/` |
| `test_bitcoin-qt` | `libexec/` | 🛠 Source build only | Moved from `bin/` |
</p>
</details>
---
This PR is part of the [process separation project](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/28722).
ACKs for top commit:
l0rinc:
re-ACK f49840dd90
Sjors:
re-ACK f49840dd90
achow101:
ACK f49840dd90
janb84:
re ACK f49840dd90
BrandonOdiwuor:
Tested ACK f49840dd90
hodlinator:
re-ACK f49840dd90
willcl-ark:
utACK f49840dd90
Tree-SHA512: 858a2e1a53db11ee3c5c759bfdeea566f242b9ce5e8a898fa435222e41662b8184577c0dc2c4c058294b4de41d8cb3ba3e5d24c748c280efa4a3f84e3ec4344d
9a5d29711a Squashed 'src/crc32c/' changes from b60d2b7334..efb8ea04e4 (fanquake)
Pull request description:
Sync the subtree with latest upstream. The changes here are a no-op, but pull them to fix the drive-by-typo-fixing: #33057.
Includes https://github.com/bitcoin-core/crc32c-subtree/pull/8.
ACKs for top commit:
maflcko:
lgtm ACK 8ef8dd6871
janb84:
ACK 8ef8dd6871
Tree-SHA512: b20a47514218206b934c4aa27ec667fb9b3ec7f7388a78725c52fc6e916358d2b9a2075a37808dbc2430b4c7816511ecf20e36bfe2fbd2d8a26bc8882a46d5e7
86e3a0a8cb refactor: standardize obfuscation memory alignment (Lőrinc)
13f00345c0 refactor: write `Obfuscation` object when new key is generated in dbwrapper (Lőrinc)
e5b1b7c557 refactor: rename `OBFUSCATION_KEY_KEY` (Lőrinc)
298bf95105 refactor: simplify `Obfuscation::HexKey` (Lőrinc)
2dea045425 test: make `obfuscation_serialize` more thorough (Lőrinc)
a17d8202c3 test: merge xor_roundtrip_random_chunks and xor_bytes_reference (Lőrinc)
Pull request description:
Follow up for https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/31144
Applied the remaining comments in separate commits - except for the last one where I could group them.
Please see the commit messages for more context.
ACKs for top commit:
achow101:
ACK 86e3a0a8cb
ryanofsky:
Code review ACK 86e3a0a8cb, just tweaking key write assert as suggested
hodlinator:
ACK 86e3a0a8cb
Tree-SHA512: 967510a141fbb57bf9d088d92b554cf2fffc2f6aa0eab756cbae3230f53e9b04ceebcc6fea5f3383c01ad41985ecde5b5686c64a771ca9deae3497b9b88c1c8b
18d1071dd1 init: replace deprecated PermissionsStartOnly systemd directive (Florian Schmaus)
1caaf65043 init: remove Group= as it will default to the user's default group (Florian Schmaus)
Pull request description:
> This removes the redundant 'Group=' directive and replaces the deprecated 'PermissionsStartOnly' directive.
Picks up #16994 / #19513. The concern in both of these PRs was changing this too early, while systemd v240 was still prelevant on supported systems. That was ~5 years ago, and from what I can see, no modern/supported OS is still using an older systemd.
Separately , I am wondering if we should move these files out to https://github.com/bitcoin-core/packaging/.
ACKs for top commit:
willcl-ark:
reACK 18d1071dd1
Tree-SHA512: a994e38099e68e8377ac820d3cd2047cbfca065ba617eff0d621e3c3b99b05bbd2329631aa8c885a83cf5d0066d97ff5be75bf5834e9f759d8f0d2c6c9b64851
